| Instrument | Status/
Accuracy | Instrument Description | Measurement Technology | Timeline |
AIRS
Atmospheric Infra-red Sounder | Operational
| High spectral resolution measurement of temperature and humidity profiles in the atmosphere. Long-wave Earth surface emissivity. Cloud diagnostics. Trace gas profiles. Surface temperatures. | n/a |  |
AltiKa
Ka-band Altimeter | Operational
| Sea surface height. | n/a | |
AMI
Advanced Meteorological Imager | Operational
| Continuous monitoring capability for the near real-time generation of high-resolution meteorological products and long-term change analysis of land/sea surface temperature and cloud coverage. | n/a | |
AMR
Advanced Microwave Radiometer | Operational
| Altimeter data to correct for errors caused by water vapour and cloud-cover. Also measures total water vapour and brightness temperature. | n/a | |
AMR-C
Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Climate | Operational
| Capabilities of the AMR with the addition of an on-board calibrator for high stability wet-tropospheric path delay correction. | n/a | |
AMR-S
AMR-S Two-Beam Microwave Radiometer | Operational
| Capabilities of the AMR with the addition of a 2nd beam to provide wet-tropospheric path delay correction within both swaths of the primary radar instrument (KaRIn) | n/a | |
AMSR2
Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 | Operational
+/-1.5 kg/m2 | Measurements of water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation, winds, sea surface temperature, sea ice concentration, snow cover, soil moisture. | n/a | |
AMSU-A
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A | Operational
| All-weather night-day temperature sounding to an altitude of 45 km. | n/a | |
AMSU-A
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A | Operational
| All-weather night-day temperature sounding to an altitude of 45 km. AMSU-A on Aqua is still partially operational, with 9 of the 15 channels working and collecting data. | n/a | |
ASI
Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer | Operational
| Atmospheric sounding for weather forecasting. | n/a | |
ATMS
Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder | Operational
| Collects microwave radiance data that when combined with the CrIS data will permit calculation of atmospheric temperature and water vapour profiles. | n/a | |
CrIS
Cross-track Infrared Sounder | Operational
| Daily measurements of vertical atmospheric distribution of temperature, moisture, and pressure. MWIR non-operational on Suomi NPP effective 12 July 2021. | n/a | |
FCI
Flexible Combined Imager | Operational
| Measurements of cloud cover, cloud top height, precipitation, cloud motion, vegetation, radiation fluxes, convection, air mass analysis, cirrus cloud discrimination, tropopause monitoring, stability monitoring, total ozone and sea surface temperature. | n/a | |
GIIRS
Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder | Operational
| Measurements of three dimensional atmospheric structure. Large-area, continuous, fast, and accurate vertical air soundings of temperature and humidity. Subsequent units have slightly different specifications. | n/a | |
GMI
GPM Microwave Imager | Operational
| Measures rainfall rates over oceans and land, combined rainfall structure and surface rainfall rates with associated latent heating. Used to produce three hour, daily, and monthly total rainfall maps over oceans and land. | n/a | |
GNOS
GNSS Radio Occultation Sounder | Operational
| Atmospheric sounding for weather forecasting. | n/a | |
GNSS-RO Receiver
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)- Radio Occultation (RO) Receiver | Operational
| Measurement of bending angles of GNSS satellite signals occulted by Earth's atmosphere for retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles. | n/a | |
GOME-2
Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment - 2 | Operational
| Measurement of total column amounts and stratospheric and tropospheric profiles of ozone. Also amounts of H20, NO2, OClO, BrO, SO2 and HCHO. | n/a | |
GPSRO (Terra-SAR)
GPS Radio Occultation System | Operational
| Measurements of atmospheric temperature, pressure and water vapour content. | n/a | |
GRAS
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding | Operational
| GNSS receiver for atmospheric temperature and humidity profile sounding. | n/a | |
HIRAS
Hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder | Operational
| | n/a | |
HIRS/4
High Resolution Infra-red Sounder/4 | Operational
| Atmospheric temperature profiles and data on cloud parameters, humidity soundings, water vapour, total ozone content, and surface temperatures. Same as HIRS/3, with 10 km IFOV. | n/a | |
IASI
Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer | Operational
+/-10 % | Measures tropospheric moisture and temperature, column integrated contents of ozone, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other minor gases which affect tropospheric chemistry. Also measures sea surface and land temperature. | n/a | |
IKFS-2
IR-Fourier spectrometer | Operational
| Atmospheric temperature/humidity profiles, data on cloud parameters, water vapour & ozone column amounts, surface temperature. | n/a | |
IRAS
InfraRed Atmospheric Sounder | Operational
| Atmospheric sounding for weather forecasting. | n/a | |
MAESTRO
Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation | Operational
| Chemical processes involved in the depletion of the ozone layer, and now including a high quality water vapour data product. | n/a | |
MHS
Microwave Humidity Sounder | Operational
| Atmospheric humidity profiles, cloud cover, cloud liquid, water content, ice boundaries and precipitation data.
MHS on NOAA-18 is considered failed following an anomaly on 21 October 2018. | n/a | |
MLS (EOS-Aura)
Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS-Aura) | Operational
| Measures lower stratospheric temperature and concentration of H2O, O3, ClO, HCl, OH, HNO3, N2O and SO2. | n/a | |
MODIS
MODerate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer | Operational
| Data on biological and physical processes on the surface of the Earth and in the lower atmosphere, and on global dynamics. Surface temperatures of land and ocean, chlorophyll fluorescence, land cover measurements, cloud cover (day and night). | n/a | |
MSU-GS
Multispectral scanning imager-radiometer | Operational
| Measurements of cloud cover, cloud top height, precipitation, cloud motion, albedo, vegetation, convection, air mass analysis, tropopause monitoring, stability monitoring, total ozone and surface temperature, fire detection. | n/a | |
MSU-GS/VE
Multispectral scanning imager-radiometer | Operational
| Operational metrology, hydrology, climate monitoring and environmental monitoring | n/a | |
MTVZA-GY
Scanning microwave imager-sounder | Operational
| Atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, precipitation, sea-level wind speed, snow/ice coverage. | n/a | |
MVIRS
Moderate Resolution Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectroradiometer | Operational
| Measures surface temperature and cloud and ice cover. Used for snow and flood monitoring and surface temperature. | n/a | |
MWHS-2
Improved MicroWave Humidity Sounder | Operational
| Meteorological applications. | n/a | |
MWRI
Micro-Wave Radiation Imager | Operational
| All weather observations of precipitation, cloud features, vegetation, soil moisture sea ice, etc. | n/a | |
MWRI
Microwave Radiometer Imager | Operational
| Ocean wind and temperature measurements. | n/a | |
MWTS-2
Micro-Wave Temperature Sounder-2 | Operational
| Atmospheric sounding measurements. | n/a | |
SAGE-III
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment | Operational
| Limb-viewing measurements of aerosol, O3, H20, NO2, OClO, NO3, temperature and pressure in the stratosphere, upper troposphere, and mesosphere using solar occultation, lunar occultation and limb scatter measurement techniques. | n/a | |
SEVIRI
Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager | Operational
| Measurements of cloud cover, cloud top height, precipitation, cloud motion, vegetation, radiation fluxes, convection, air mass analysis, cirrus cloud discrimination, tropopause monitoring, stability monitoring, total ozone and sea surface temperature. | n/a | |
SMR
Submillimetre Radiometer | Operational
| Measures global distributions of ozone and species of importance for ozone chemistry ClO, HNO3, H2O, N2O, (HO2, H2O2). Measures temperature in the height range 15 - 100 km. | n/a | |
Sounder
Sounder | Operational
| Atmospheric soundings and data on atmospheric stability and thermal gradient winds. | n/a | |
Sounder (INSAT)
IR Sounder | Operational
| Atmospheric soundings, atmospheric stability, thermal gradient winds. | n/a | |
SRAL
SAR Radar Altimeter | Operational
| Marine and land services. | n/a | |
SSM/IS
Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder | Operational
| Measures thermal microwave radiation. Global measurements of air temp profile, humidity profile, ocean surface winds, rain overland/ocean, ice concentration/age, ice/snow edge, water vapour/clouds over ocean, snow water content, land surface temperature. | n/a | |
TEMPEST
Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems | Operational
| Hosted on the ISS, TEMPEST measures atmospheric humidity | n/a | |
TGRS
TriG (Tri-GNSS) GNSS Radio-occultation System | Operational
| TGRS is the radio occultation receiver, which will receive signals from GPS, Galileo, and Glonass. | n/a | |
TOR
Tracking, Occultation and Ranging | Operational
| Consists of the dual-frequency GPS receiver IGOR (Integrated GPS Occultation Receiver) for evaluation of GPS-based orbit data as an independent tracking technique | n/a | |
TROPICS
Microwave Spectrometer (TROPICS) | Operational
+/-0.25 | Constellation to provide temperature/moisture sounding and cloud/precipitation imaging with rapid update. | n/a | |
TROPOMI
TROPOMI | Operational
| Supporting atmospheric composition and air quality monitoring services. | n/a | |
AMSR3
Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 3 | Being developed
| Measurements of water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation including snowfall, winds, sea surface temperature, sea ice concentration, snow cover, soil moisture. | n/a | |
AWS Instrument
Arctic Weather Satellite Microwave Radiometer | Being developed
| Cross-track scanning microwave radiometer. Provides measurements of atmospheric humidity and temperature. | n/a | |
GXS
GeoXO Sounder | Being developed
| | n/a | |
HyperCube Instrument
HyperCube Instrument | Being developed
| Designed to measure the speed, direction, and elevation of wind in Earth's atmosphere. Contains more vertical layers of wind vector data at fine spatial resolution, resulting in more accurate data than other available solutions. | n/a | |
IASI-NG
Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer - New Generation | Being developed
+/-5 % | Measures profiles of atmospheric temperature, humidity, ozone, carbon monoxide, columns of methane, nitrous oxide, and other minor gases, and sea, ice, and land surface temperature and emissivity. Provides information on aeorols and cloud: fractional coverage, phase, cloud top height (input to Polar AMVs) and particle size. Prime applications: NWP, AC/AQ, climate. Secondary applications: NWC, land/ocean surface monitoring. IASI-NG will resume IASI role as internationl standard for satellite inter-calibration (GSICS). | n/a | |
IRIS
Interferometric Radar Altimeter for Ice and Snow | Being developed
| Ku-band Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter (with added Ka-band channel for snow depth retrieval and in combination with AMR-CR MW Radiometer for ice&snow classification and wet troposphere correction) to cover the needs for continuous monitoring of sea ice
thickness and land ice elevation measurement after Cryosat-2, with enhanced performance. | n/a | |
IRS
Infra-Red Sounder | Being developed
| Measurements of vertically resolved clear sky atmospheric motion vectors, temperature and water vapour profiles. | n/a | |
MWS
Microwave Sounder | Being developed
| All-weather night-day temperature sounding | n/a | |
RO
RO | Being developed
| GNSS receiver for atmospheric temperature and humidity profile sounding. | n/a | |
AMR-CR
Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Climate | Approved
| Capabilities of the AMR with the addition of an on-board calibrator for high stability wet-tropospheric path delay correction and a redesign with respect to AMR-C (i.e. the 3 high res MW radiometer channels at 90, 130 and 166 GHz are an integral subsystem of the instrument and not experimental as in AMR-C) | n/a | |
Advanced Radiomet
Advanced Radio-occultation receiver | Proposed
| Atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles with high vertical resolution. | n/a | |
IKFS-3
Advanced Fourier spectrometer | Proposed
| Atmospheric temperature/humidity profiles, data on cloud parameters, water vapour & ozone column amounts, surface temperature. | n/a | |
MTVZA-GY-MP
Advanced Scanning microwave imager-sounder | Proposed
| Atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, precipitation, sea-level wind speed, snow/ice coverage. | n/a | |
AMSR-E
Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS | No longer operational
+/-3.5 kg/m2 | Measurements of water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation, winds, sea surface temperature, sea ice concentration, snow cover and soil moisture. Instrument stopped functioning 4th October 2011. | n/a | |
AOPOD
Atmosphere Occultation and Precision Orbit Determination | No longer operational
| A spaceborne dual-frequency GPS receiver for Precision Orbit Determination (POD) and GPS radio occultation (RO) measurements | n/a | |
HiRDLS
High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder | No longer operational
| Measures atmospheric temperature, concentrations of ozone, water vapour, methane, NOx, N2O, CFCs and other minor species, aerosol concentration, location of polar stratospheric clouds and cloud tops. Currently not collecting data on Aqua. | n/a | |
HSB
Humidity Sounder for Brazil | No longer operational
| Humidity soundings for climatological and atmospheric dynamics applications. The scan mirror motor failed on the 5th of February 2003. | n/a | |
TES
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer | No longer operational
| 3D profiles on a global scale of all infra-red active species from surface to lower stratosphere. Measures greenhouse gas concentrations, tropospheric ozone, acid rain precursors, gas exchange leading to stratospheric ozone depletion. | n/a | |